1. Mqm Songs

The Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) (Urdu: متحدہ قومی موومنٹ‎, Muttaḥidah Qọ̄mī Mūwmaṅṫ), previously known as Muhajir Qaumi Movement, is a secular political party in Pakistan that was founded by Altaf Hussain in 1984.^[3][4] Currently the party is split between 2 main factions. MQM-London faction is controlled by Altaf Hussain from London, while MQM-Pakistan is run by Khalid Maqbool Siddiqui based in Pakistan. Its electoral symbol is a kite.

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It was founded as a student organization, All Pakistan Muhajir Student Organization (APMSO), in 1978 by Altaf Hussain. APMSO gave birth to the Muhajir Qaumi Movement in 1984.^[5] In 1997, the MQM removed the term Muhajir (that denotes the party roots among the country's Urdu-speaking community) from its name and replaced it with Muttahida ('United'). The MQM is generally known as a party that holds strong mobilizing potential in Karachi, having traditionally been the dominant political force in the city.^[6][7]

The party has kept its influence over Pakistan's federal government as a key coalition partner since the late 1980s (1988-1990, 1990-1992, 2002-2007, 2008-2013).^[8] However, MQM parliamentarians resigned from the National Assembly, Senate and Provincial Assembly of Sindh in protest against a crackdown on party supporters.^[9]

In August 2016, after Altaf Hussain's 22 August speech, there was military crack down on the party and Nine Zero was sealed and its leaders including Farooq Sattar were arrested and most elected parliamentarians in the MQM were forced to disassociate themselves from Altaf Hussain. MQM terminated Farooq Sattar's party membership after party rules violations who formed his own.^[10]

• 2History
• 41990 to 1999
• 52001 to present
• 7Controversy
• 8State Operations against MQM
• 9Electoral history

Background

Muhajirs were the Urdu-speaking Muslims, who migrated to Pakistan when the country emerged independent from the British Raj in 1947. Karachi was then home to a very diverse set of ethnicities including Urdu and Gujarati speaking immigrants, Punjabis, Pashtuns, Baluch and foreigners from several South Asian countries. Muhajirs advanced in commerce and the bureaucracy, but many resented the quota system which facilitated Sindhis in gaining university slots and civil service jobs.^[11] It was this very ethnic rivalry that led to Muhajir political mobilization, which was further provoked by the stagnant economy and the condition of Biharis in Bangladesh concentration camps.^[12]

History

Founding

The first political organization of Muhajirs, called All Pakistan Muhajir Student Organization (APMSO), was founded on 11 June 1978 by Altaf Hussain in Karachi University. On March 18, 1984, the APMSO evolved into a proper political organization—Muhajir Qaumi Movement.^[5] It was launched to protect the Muhajir community who perceived themselves as the victims of discrimination and repression by the quota system that gave preference to certain ethnicities for admissions in educational institutions and employment in civil services.^[13][14]

Late 1986 to 1990

In its early years, MQM drew enormous crowds, the epitome of which was the rally of August 8, 1986 at Nishtar Park, Karachi.^[15] Three years into its existence, MQM won the November 1987 local body elections in Karachi and Hyderabad and had several mayors win unopposed.^[5][15]Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) won the highest number of seats in the general election of 1988 and formed a coalition government in the Sindh Province with the help of MQM, which then had a larger mandate in urban Sindh in comparison to PPP whose majority of support came from rural areas of Sindh. A 59-point agreement, called the Karachi Accord, was signed which included statements about protection of the democratic system and political rights, urban development goals, and creating objective criteria for admission to universities and colleges. Within a few months of the agreement, differences surfaced and MQM ministers in the Sindh Cabinet resigned because the agreement was not implemented.^[16] Thus, the alliance broke up in October 1989 and MQM joined hands with PPP's opponents.^[5] During these times MQM made mark for public benefit initiatives.^[17] Khidmat-e-Khalq Committee, a social welfare initiative, was founded in 1978 which in 1998 transformed into Khidmat-e-Khalq Foundation (KKF).^[18]

1990 to 1999

In the elections of October 1990, MQM emerged as the third strongest party in the country. This time, it made its alliance with Pakistan Muslim League (PML) to establish a provincial government in Sindh whereas PML formed the federal government. During these times, small factions of MQM separated themselves on the main body of the party. The largest among these factions is MQM Haqiqi (English: Real MQM), which was formed by Afaq Ahmad and Amir Khan.^[11] It is generally believed that MQM Haqiqi was formed by the collusion of Pakistani Government in power and the Establishment/Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) to weaken MQM and was supported by successive federal governments and the military.^[11] In the years to come, federal governments switched between forming alliance with MQM and fighting against it to establish greater control over Karachi.^[12]

From 1992 to 1994, the MQM was the target of the Pakistan Army's Operation Clean-up, The period is regarded as the bloodiest period in Karachi's history, with thousands MQM workers and supporters killed or gone missing. Although 14 years have passed since the alleged arrest or disappearance of MQM workers, families of the missing people are still hopeful after registering the cases in the Supreme Court of Pakistan.^[19] The operation left thousands of Urdu-speaking civilians dead.^[16][20]

The violence gripped urban Sindh politics in the late 1980s after General Zia ul-Haq's era, and finally in 1992, the erstwhile government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif passed a resolution in assembly to launch a military operation in Karachi to target 72 'big fishes'. The federal government gave the reasoning behind this operation, known as 'Operation Clean-up', as the government's attempt to end terrorism in Karachi and to seize unauthorized arms.^[15] Operation Clean-Up, which ostensibly sought to eliminate all terrorists irrespective of their political affiliation, began in June 1992. MQM perceived this operation as an attempt to wipe out the party altogether.^[5] Political violence erupted while MQM organized protests and strikes.^[5] The resulting lawlessness prevailed in the largest metropolitan city of Pakistan, which led to the country's President dissolving the National Assembly.

During the 1992 violence Altaf Hussain left the country when a warrant was issued for him in connection with a murder.^[21] Since then, the political party is run by Mr Hussain from self-imposed exile in London.^[12][22]

MQM boycotted the subsequent 1993 general elections claiming organized military intimidation but participated in provincial elections. MQM secured 27 seats in provincial assembly, in comparison to its political rival PPP which won 56 seats. This resulted in PPP forming both the provincial and federal governments.^[23] Whereas, MQM Haqiqi failed to gain any seats at federal or provincial level.^[5] Political violence gained momentum in 1993 and 1994. During the 1994 violence, heavily political killings were reported between MQM, MQM factions, and Sindhi nationalist groups. By July 1995, more than 1,800 people had been assassinated in Karachi.^[11] In 1997, MQM boycotted the general elections and officially changed the previously maintained name 'Muhajir' to 'Muttahida'(English: 'United').^[15]

Accusations of violence

In the mid-1990s, MQM created widespread political violence that affected Pakistan's Sindh province, particularly Karachi, the port city that is the country's commercial capital.^[11] In the mid-1990s, the U.S. State Department, Amnesty International, and others accused the MQM and a rival faction, MQM Haqiqi, of summary killings, torture, and other abuses. The MQM-A routinely denied involvement in violence.^[11]

The party's use of extra-legal activities in conflicts with political opponents have earned it the accusation of terrorism.^[24][25][26] The party's strongly hierarchical order and personalist leadership style led to some critics labelling the MQM as fascist.^[24][27]

Jinnahpur Conspiracy

During Operation Clean-up, MQM was accused of being anti-Pakistan and of planning a separatist break-away state, Jinnahpur. However, later some senior army officers, Brigadier (R) Imtiaz and General (R) Naseer Akhtar, confessed that Jinnahpur was 'nothing but a drama' against MQM for the military operation and there was no map of Jinnahpur.^[28][29]

On October 19, 1992, Pakistani newspapers carried an ISPR press release, conveying Army's denial of the knowledge of the Jinnahpur plan. The ISPR, the public relations arm of the Pakistan Army stated, 'The Army had no evidence concerning the so-called Jinnahpur plan, it is clarified that the newspaper story in question is baseless. The Army has neither handed over to the government any document or map as reported, nor is it in possession of any evidence concerning the so-called Jinnahpur Plan. It is also factually wrong that the matter was discussed at any meeting of the corps commander.'^[30] Asif Zardari who was then President of Pakistan is said to have 'said in a court premises in Karachi that the Jinnahpur scandal was created to malign the MQM.'^[30]

2001 to present

In 2001, MQM boycotted the local body elections but in the 2002 general elections, MQM won 17 out of 272 seats in national assembly.^[31]

In 2008 elections, MQM won 25 seats in the National Assembly of Pakistan and 52 seats in the Provincial Assembly of Sindh.^{[citation needed]}

In 2013, the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) filed a Rs 5 billion defamation suit against Pakistan Tehreek-i-Insaf chairman Imran Khan at the Sindh High Court for issuing statements against MQM chief Altaf Hussain.^[32]

In June 2014, the Metropolitan Police raided the London home of its leader, Altaf Hussain, on suspicion of money-laundering. Mr Hussain has lived in the UK since 1991.^[33]

In 2008, Foreign Policy released a Global Cities Index which named Mustafa Kamal as Mayor of the Moment, along with Berlin's Klaus Wowereit, and Chongqing's Wang Hongju.^[34][35]

The party has won majority in the local government election of Karachi and Hyderabad and brought its mayor in Karachi Metropolitan Corporation (KMC) and Hyderabad Municipal Corporation. The mayor of Karachi, Wasim Akhtar has been put behind bars without any charge by anti terror court and is waiting Sindh High Court to grant him bail in order to resume his office as the mayor of Karachi.^[36] MQM has also brought its chairman and vice chairman in the municipal committee of fourth largest city of Sindh Mirpurkhas.

Election Boycott 2018

MQM and its leader Altaf Hussain decided to boycott elections in 2018 due to military intervention in political affairs, MQM-P which is a separate party now would instead contest for elections using traditional MQM symbol kite.^[37][38] This would be the second boycott of general elections after 1993 and third boycott of all elections including local bodies election in 2001.^[39] The average turnout of Karachi constituencies was 40.4% in 2018 elections comparing to 55 percent in 2013.^[40]

Party structure

The party is led by Altaf Hussain under whose supervision, members of the Rabita Committee (also known as Central Coordination Committee) formulate the party's political program. It consists of 24 members from Pakistan and 10 from London, United Kingdom.^[41] The party's Karachi-based organizational operations are held under its Karachi Tanzeemi Committee.

On 20 November 2011, Muttahida Qaumi Movement announced the formation of Central Executive Committee with its members drawn from Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Gilgit-Baltistan, Punjab, Khyber Pakhtoonkhawa, Balochistan and Sindh. Addressing a Press Conference, Farooq Sattar, a senior MQM official, told that the purpose of Central Executive Committee is to assist MQM Coordination Committee and the party in organizational matters, policy-making and preparation of manifesto.^[42]

MQM has several chapters across the world in the United States, Canada, South Africa, several European countries, and Japan.^[43] Currently, the heads of MQM North America are former Federal Minister Khalid Maqbool Siddiqui and Ibad Rehman.^{[citation needed]}

Controversy

MQM's Party leadership faced widespread arrests after Altaf Hussain's controversial speech and later attack on ARY channel which faced lots of criticism from media and particularly from the establishment which was discontented by his words:'Pakistan Murdabad'. On the orders of Chief of Army StaffGeneral Raheel Sharif^[44] Paramilitary forces immediately sealed MQM offices including Nine Zero. MQM's deputy convenor Shahid Pasha, parliamentary leader Farooq Sattar, Sindh assembly opposition leader Izhar ul Hasan and Rabita Committee members Qamar Mansur and Member National Assembly and ex Hyderabad Mayor Kanwar Naveed Jameel were arrested.^[45] Farooq Sattar who was released shortly, later disassociated himself from MQM founder and leader Altaf Hussain saying his statements were unacceptable and later presented and facilitated resolutions in Federal and provincial assemblies against his controversial speech, Farooq also claimed to strip MQM chief from constitution and powers.^[46][47][48] Crack down against MQM took a rapid turn when over hundred MQM Unit and Sector offices have been demolished and lots of MQM workers rounded off.

On August 21, 2016, according to Election Commission of Pakistan, Nadeem Nusrat and not Farooq sattar was the leader of MQM.^[49] and According to Nadeem Nusrat, Minus Altaf formula is not acceptable.^[50][51]

MQM leadership in Sindh Assembly declared that it wants MQM leader Altaf Hussain tried for high treason^[52] and also removed Nadeem Nusrat, Convenor of the party along with Wasay Jaleel, Mustafa Azizabadi etc.

On 22 September 2016, MQM convenor Nadeem Nusrat termed the moves of Farooq Sattar against party rules and illegal and emphecised he is an elected Convenor and dissolved entire party infrastructure including Rabita Committee and ordered mass resignation of MQM parliamentarians from assemblies and to contest new elections on their own.^[53]

In a media conference the spokesman for the United States State Department, John Kirby, stated that US was aware of the arrests of the MQM leaders and was closely monitoring the events.^[54]

Naming controversy

Although media refers to Muttahida Qaumi Movement as MQM-London, MQM has instructed media to use the original name Muttahida Qaumi Movement only^[55] where as Farooq Sattar led faction has adopted the name MQM-Pakistan.^[56]

State Operations against MQM

Pakka Qila Operation (26, 27 May 1990)

Operation was launched by Sindh Police to target MQM workers in Pakka Qilla Hyderabad. Over 250 besieged innocent men, women, children was massacred during the operation which carried on for 275 hours before Pakistan army men eventually moved in.^[57]

Operation Clean-up (1992 - 1994)

Operation clean-up was started by late general Asif Nawaz after Jinnahpur conspiracy and major kaleem torture case.^[58]

Operation (1994-1996)

During tenure of Benazir Bhutto, interior minister General Naseerullah Babar conducted second operation against MQM between 1994-1996.^[59]

Due to serious doubts over credibility of operation due to fake encounters, extra judicial killings and rise of killings in Karachi,^[60] Benazir Bhutto's government was dismissed by the then President of Pakistan, Farooq Ahmed Laghari.^[61]

Karachi Targeted Action (2013 - present)

Due to rise in Target killing and organised crimes of extortion, kidnapping for ransom and increased crime rate of the city, Karachi operation began by the Nawaz Sharif government in 2013 with the intention of creating peace in the city .Even though it was claimed by the interior minister Chaudhry Nisar that the intentions of the operation were apolitical, there have been systematic crackdowns against MQM. In 2015 MQM's Headquarter Nine Zero was raided twice by the paramilitary Rangers and many top officials of MQM were taken into custody. On August 22, 2016, The Headquarter was sealed and hundreds of MQM offices were bulldozed.

Many Journalists opine that Army establishment is behind the formation of PSP and MQM-Pakistan.^[62] Many MQM officials including Prof. Zafar Arif, Kanwar Khalid Yunus, adv Sathi ishaq, Amjadullah khan, Qamar Mansur, Shahid Pasha have been in detention since four months.

MNA Kanwar Naveed Jameed, MPA Kamran farooqui have also been arrested by the paramilitary forces.

Human Rights Violations by the state

1994-1996 targeted actions saw gross human rights violations by the state organisations which included kidnapping for random, extrajudicial executions, disappearance, torture, fake encounters etc.^[63]

The speeches and images of Altaf Hussain have been banned by the decision of Lahore High Court's justice Naqvi and Anti-Terror court has issued arrest warrants of Altaf Hussain numerous times.

Renowned journalists have accepted that targeted operations are only against MQM.^[64]

During Nine Zero raid, MQM worker Waqas Shah was brutally shot down by Ranger's 9mm pistol fire from point blank range. The video evidence released on electronic media confirmed the incident.^[65]

Farooq Sattar's coordination officer Syed Aftab Ahmed was killed while in the custody of paramilitary forces. Initially the force denied torture and stated that he died of heart attack but it had to accept after social media publicised videos of torture marks on Aftab's body and autopsy report conforming death due to torture.^[66][67][68]

As a result of operation, MQM claims 67 of its workers have been extra judicially murdered the paramilitary force while 150 are still missing and more than 5,000 are behind bars. The Amnesty International, US state department, United Nations Human rights commission has published several documents highlighting gross human rights violations during the targeted operation against MQM.^{[69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78]}

Electoral history

Post split election campaigns

MQM took part in local bodies by election from Union Committee 46 Hyderabad which was vacated by the death of counselor as independent candidate. MQM supported independent candidate Asif Baig defeated the candidate of MQM-Pakistan by a healthy margin.^[79]

Leaders

• Wasay Jalil
• Mustafa Azizabadi
• Qasim Ali Raza
• Momin Khan Momin
• Dr Hassan Zafar Arif (Rabita Committee Pakistan)
• Sathi Ishaque advocate
• Zafar Rajput (Hyderabad)
• Dr. Nadeem Ehsan

References

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3. ^ ^abCohen, Stephen P. (2011), 'Pakistan: Arrival and Departure', The future of Pakistan, The Brookings Institution, p. 22, The avowedly secular Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM)..
4. ^ ^abLyon, Peter (2008), 'Mohajir Qaumi Mahaz', Conflict between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, p. 115, Despite its ethnic-based politics, the MQM claims to be the only significant political force in Pakistan to stand up openly for secular values.
5. ^ ^abcdefg'Pakistan: Human rights crisis in Karachi'. Amnesty International. 1996-02-01. Archived from the original on 2006-11-04. Retrieved 2009-07-26.
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25. ^Khan, Adeel (2005), Politics of Identity: Ethnic Nationalism and the State in Pakistan, Sage, p. 163
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27. ^Das, Suranjan (2001), Kashmir and Sindh: Nation-Building, Ethnicity and Regional Politics in South Asia, Anthem Press, p. 131
28. ^'Jinnah Pur map was a drama: Brigadier Imtiaz'. The Nation. 24 August 2009.
29. ^'Truth in allegations of Jinnahpur uncovered'. Geo News. 2009-08-24. Archived from the original on 2009-08-27.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
30. ^ ^abAbbasi, Ansar (2009-09-03). 'Where PPP, PML-N and MQM stood on Jinnahpur in 1992'. The News. Archived from the original on July 16, 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2009.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
31. ^'Detailed Position of Political Parties / Alliances In National Assembly General Elections - 2002'. Election Commission of Pakistan. Archived from the original on 2010-11-30. Retrieved 2009-08-04.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
32. ^'MQM files Rs5bn defamation suit against Imran Khan'. Dawn. July 23, 2013.
33. ^'Pakistan MQM leader Altaf Hussain arrested in London'. Retrieved June 3, 2014.
34. ^Keating, Joshua (November 12, 2008). 'What FP didn't say about the mayor of Karachi'. Foreign Policy. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
35. ^'Mustafa Kamal second best mayor in the world'. Dawn. 10 November 2008.
36. ^'ECP — Election Commission of Pakistan'. ecp.gov.pk. Retrieved 2016-08-26.
37. ^'Unpredictable election results expected in Karachi'. The Nation. 2018-07-06. Retrieved 2018-07-27.
38. ^'London faction's election boycott can dent MQM-P vote bank, admits Sattar'. Retrieved 2018-07-27.
39. ^'The Battle for Karachi Newsline'. Newsline. Retrieved 2018-07-27.
40. ^https://arynews.tv/en/karachi-turnout-july-25-polls-lower-than-2013-elections/
41. ^'Mustafa Kamal, 3 others named in MQM Rabita Committee'. Archived from the original on 2015-04-13.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
42. ^'MQM announces names of newly formed CEC'. Dawn. 20 Nov 2011.
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45. ^'Three MQM leaders remanded for three days in rioting, treason cases — The Express Tribune'. 2016-08-23. Retrieved 2016-09-23.
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47. ^'Farooq Sattar says MQM disowned Altaf Hussain, London Secretariat SAMAA TV'. Retrieved 2016-09-23.
48. ^'MQM Pakistan revokes membership of London leaders from RC ARY NEWS'. arynews.tv. Retrieved 2016-09-23.
49. ^'Leaders of political parties — ECP'(PDF).
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51. ^'Dailytimes MQM-London 'sends packing' Farooq Sattar and Co'. dailytimes.com.pk. Retrieved 2016-09-23.
52. ^'In a first, MQM-Pakistan wants Altaf tried for high treason — The Express Tribune'. 2016-09-21. Retrieved 2016-09-23.
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54. ^'US 'closely' monitoring arrests of MQM leaders: State Dept — The Express Tribune'. 2016-09-17. Retrieved 2016-09-23.
55. ^'متحدہ قومی موومنٹ کو ایم کیوایم لندن ہرگزنہ لکھااورنہ پکاراجائے ۔ترجمان متحدہ قومی موومنٹ'. www.mqm.org. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
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60. ^Bahadur, Kalim (1998-01-01). Democracy in Pakistan: Crises and Conflicts. Har-Anand Publications. ISBN9788124100837.
61. ^'Benazir violated rules: Leghari'. DAWN.COM. 2003-12-28. Retrieved 2017-01-07.
62. ^(www.dw.com), Deutsche Welle. 'Why Pakistan's army is targeting the MQM party Asia DW.COM 23.08.2016'. DW.COM. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
63. ^Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. 'Refworld THE MOHAJIR QAUMI MOVEMENT (MQM) IN KARACHI JANUARY 1995-APRIL 1996'. Refworld. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
64. ^'MQM is Right ! Karachi Operation is just Against MQM. Arif Hameed Bhatti Senior Journalist — Video Dailymotion'. Dailymotion. 2015-08-26. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
65. ^S.I.M (2015-03-11), Who Killed MQM Worker Waqas Shah, retrieved 2017-01-01
66. ^'40pc of Aftab Ahmed's body covered in bruises, reveals postmortem'. DAWN.COM. 2016-05-05. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
67. ^'Autopsy report confirms Aftab tortured SAMAA TV'. Samaa TV. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
68. ^Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. 'Refworld Pakistan: Investigation crucial after Karachi political activist tortured and killed in custody'. Refworld. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
69. ^'Document'. www.amnesty.org. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
70. ^'Document'. www.amnesty.org. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
71. ^'Human Rights group alarmed at extra-judicial killings of MQM workers' by para-military force in Pakistan'. OpEdNews. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
72. ^''US concerned about allegations of rights violations in Pakistan''. The Indian Express. 2016-08-31. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
73. ^'BBC Urdu Sairbeen (Aaj News) Report on extra judicial killing & enforced disappearance of MQM workers — Video Dailymotion'. Dailymotion. 2014-04-30. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
74. ^'Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015'. www.state.gov. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
75. ^'UN notified Pakistani state 3 times for 144 missing MQM workers: UN Human Rights letter'. Siasat.pk Forums. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
76. ^Wolf, Lucien (Sep 2015). 'Pakistan Passes illegal bill'(PDF). http://www.kcwtoday.co.uk. Retrieved 17 Sep 2015.External link in website= (help)^{[permanent dead link]}
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78. ^'Extrajudicial killings rise in Pakistan police crackdown in Karachi'. Reuters. 2016-08-10. Retrieved 2017-01-01.
79. ^'Has MQM-London unveiled its new election strategy?'. www.geo.tv. Retrieved 2017-04-18.

Further reading

• Human Rights Watch (HRW). WORLD REPORT 1998, 'Pakistan' (Dec 1997), https://www.hrw.org/worldreport/Asia-09.htm#P823_214912

External links

Altaf Hussain (Urdu: الطاف حسین‎; pronounced [əltaːf ɦʊseːn]; born 17 September 1953 in Karachi) is a British Pakistani fugitive and former politician who is known as the founder of Muttahida Qaumi Movement.^[1]

He is known for his advocacy for Muhajir interests in Pakistan, criticism of the partition of India, support for the repatriation of stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh, opposition to the Taliban, and respect for the line of control in the region of Jammu & Kashmir.^[2][3][4][5]

Since 2015, he has been a fugitive from the Anti Terrorism Court of Pakistan on the charges of murder, targeted killings, treason, inciting violence and hate speeches.^[6][7] He fled the country in 1992 after crackdown against his party was launched and since then he is living in the United Kingdom. The Scotland Yard maintains that sufficient evidence for the charges is lacking and the content of his speeches do not violate UK laws.^[8]

• 1Early life
• 3Views

Early life

Altaf Hussain was born on 17 September 1953 to Nazir Hussain and Khurseed Begum in Karachi, Sindh. Before the independence of Pakistan, Hussain's parents resided at their ancestral home in Nai ki Mandi, Agra, UP, British India.^[9] His father was an officer with the Indian Railways.^[10] His paternal grandfather Mohammad Ramazan was the Grand Mufti of Agra and his maternal grandfather Pir Haji Hafiz Rahim Bakhsh Qadri was a religious scholar.^{[citation needed]} Hussain's siblings include four sisters and six brothers.

Following the partition of India in 1947, a wide-scale migration of Muslims ensued where they migrated from the various states in the Dominion of India to the newly established Dominion of Pakistan. Hussain's parents were initially reluctant to leave everything behind in Agra to resettle in Pakistan but were later forced by Hussain's elder brother to reconsider. Upon emigrating to Pakistan, the family settled in Karachi.^[9] They were provided with government housing in Abyssinia Lines reserved for muhajirs (people and families migrating from the Dominion of India).

Hussain's elder brother Nasir Hussain was later employed by the government and given a small quarter on Jehangir Road. The family subsequently left their government allotted residence and moved in with Nasir. The family later moved residence again in the 1970s to a small house in Azizabad which later became the headquarters of Hussain's political party Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM; formerly Muhajir Qaumi Movement).^[11]

Education and non-political career

Hussain received his early education from the Government Comprehensive School in Azizabad. He later enrolled in the Government Boys Secondary School to complete his matriculation in 1969. For the first year of his intermediate education in pre-medical sciences, he attended the National College Karachi. He later moved to City College Karachi for his second year.^[12]

In 1974, Hussain graduated from the Islamia Science College with a Bachelor of Science.^[13] In 1979, he graduated from the University of Karachi with a Bachelor of Pharmacy.^[12] After graduating from the university, Hussain began his career as a trainee at the Seventh-day Adventist Hospital in Karachi while simultaneously working for a multinational pharmaceutical company.^[14][15]

Short-lived military service

In 1970, General Yahya Khan introduced the National Service Cadet Scheme (NSCS) making it compulsory for higher secondary scholars to enlist with the army. According to the MQM, Altaf Hussain enlisted with the Pakistan Army through the NSCS^[14] and his services were assigned to the 57th Baloch Regiment as soldier number 2642671.^[16] Upon completion of his training, his regiment was assigned from Hyderabad to Karachi from where it was sent to East Pakistan via ships.^[16]

Political career

After 1971 Indo-Pak war came to an end, Hussain returned to West Pakistan to join wilfully with the regular army.^[17] In the version of events told by the MQM, the selection officer rejected Hussain's selection because his parents were 'muhajirs' from India even when Hussain insisted he was born in Pakistan.^[16] This is quoted as one of the many instances that formulated Hussain's future political aspirations.The political strife of the APMSO bifurcated into the issue of stranded Pakistanis in Bangladesh an on 14 August 1979, Hussain participated in a demonstration at the Mazar-e-Quaid for the safe return of stranded Pakistanis, also called the Biharis. Following the demonstration, Hussain was arrested and sentenced on 2 October 1979 for 9 months imprisonment and flogging with five strokes. Hussain was later released on 28 April 1980 after he had served his sentence.^[18][19]

The urban centres of Karachi and Hyderabad had increasingly become ethnically diverse and riots along ethnic lines were commonplace.^[20] In May 1985, a Pathan minivan driver struck and killed a muhajir schoolgirl inciting the first Pathan-Muhajir ethnic riot. Later, following an unsuccessful raid on an Afghan heroine processing and distribution centre in Sohrab Goth by the army, Pathan and Afghan terrorist turned their ire on muhajir residents of Aligarh Colony.^[21]

The Aligarh Colony massacre instigated the bloody riots of November–December 1986. These riots saw the popularity of MQM and its leader Altaf Hussain rise and the party's ideology was greatly influenced as a result.^[21]

Before October 1986, the urban city of Hyderabad was largely dominated by the Sindhi nationalist party Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz (JSQM) founded by G. M. Syed giving rise to the nationalist slogan 'Sindhu Desh' (or 'Sindhi nation').^[22] The only Muhajir political movement countering the JSQM were led by Syed Mubarak Ali Shah of the Moti Mahal family, Nawab Zahid Ali Khan and Nawab Muzaffar Hussain. After the death of these Muhajir stalwarts, the Urdu-speaking people of Hyderabad yearned for a charismatic Muhajir leadership.^[23]

On 31 October 1986, Altaf Hussain gave his first public address in Hyderabad at the site of the historic Pacco Qillo, where he was greeted by throngs of crowds. After his address, his message was well received by the Urdu-speaking people of Hyderabad and Hussain was able to fill the void left by the deaths of Muhajir leaders.^[23] Hussain and a few of his companions, were arrested by security personnel after his address implicating him in several alleged criminal cases.^[18] His arrest enraged his supporters who launched public movements for his release. The charges against Hussain and his companions were later dropped and they were released from the Central Prison Karachi on 24 February 1987.^[18]

In 1987 the government began widespread arrests of Mutahidda Qaumi Movement workers all over Sindh. Altaf Hussain surrendered to law enforcement agencies on 30 August 1987 on the condition that the further arrests of his party's workers would be stopped immediately. During Hussain's imprisonment MQM placed highly in the local bodies election of 1987, and there was pressure to release Hussain and he was released on 7 January 1988.^[18]

In early 1987, Altaf Hussain issued MQM's Charter of Resolutions (Qarardad-i-Maqasid) which formed the basis for the party's ideology. The MQM charter was paramount in expressing many of the 'long-standing grievances' of Sindhi nationalists,^[24] and a cooperative arrangement was worked out between the MQM and various Sindhi nationalist parties in early 1988.^[25] Apart from the points stipulated in the party's original resolution, Hussain also introduced the idea of Muhajir being a 'fifth subnationality' alongside the Punjabis, Pathans, Baloch, Sindhis.^[26]

Altaf Hussain revealed that while he was admitted in Abbasi Shaheed Hospital in 1988, Late Hameed Gul (ISI chief at the time) sent briefcase full of money through Brigadier(R) Imtiaz and tried to bribe him in joining Pakistan military establishment led IJI coalition which was against PPP but he rejected the offer. Later both Brig (R) Imtiaz and Hameed Gul also confirmed the statement^[27]

The 1988 general elections proved quite clearly that the voting patterns in Sindh were based on ethnic lines where the Pakistan Peoples Party and the MQM won almost all seats in the national assembly. The PPP had derived its support from the Sindhi population in the province, whilst the MQM from the Muhajirs. At this point in time, in less than four years of its making, MQM emerged as the third largest political party in Pakistan.^[28]

PPP had been successful in Sindh but didn't fare quite well in the other provinces and therefore had to resort to forming a coalition government. Hussain and his party MQM offered their support but insisted on a formal agreement between the PPP and the MQM. This 59-point MQM-PPP accord, known as the Karachi Declaration, was signed on 2 December 1988.^[29] It reiterated many of the points defined in the earlier MQM charter. However, when Benazir Bhutto came into power, she was unwilling or unable to commit to her part of the bargain. Her reluctance in this matter was largely interpreted by muhajirs as largely pro-Sindhi and rather anti-Muhajir.^[30] When the declaration was not implemented violence erupted between APMSO and the PSF, the student wings of the MQM and the PPP.^[29]

Shunned by Bhutto's disavowal, Altaf Hussain approached Nawaz Sharif, leader of the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (IJI). The IJI was an opposition coalition eager to topple Bhutto's government. As a result of their meeting, a formal agreement between the MQM and the IJI came to pass. However, when Sharif later came into power, he couldn't honour those commitments either.^[29] Hussain became increasingly harsh and hostile in his opinions regarding the governing parties and would often accuse them of political hypocrisy. Seeing that striving for justice in a constitutional capacity was futile, ethnic militancy thrived. The gulf between Muhajirs and Sindhis widened leading to several cases of 'ethnic cleansing' in Hyderabad.^[31]Hussain favours peace between India and Pakistan and has always been a vocal advocate of bridging gaps between the two neighbouring rivals.^[32]

Views

Jammu and Kashmir

On the issue of Kashmir, Hussain stated that Indo-Pak dialogue should be allowed to 'proceed on the basis of mutual adjustment and agreement..[and] It should be clear to all concerned that there can be no military solution to any of the contentious issues, let alone the issue of Kashmir.'^[33]From 2004 Hussain warned against the growing influence of the Taliban in Karachi. Hussain stated that the 'advocates of Jihad, a medieval concept to tame the infidel, are wantonly killing followers of the faith as they level places of worship.'^[33]

Muhajir interests

Mqm Songs

Where much of the politics of Hussain's party MQM revolves around fighting for justice for the muhajir community in Pakistan, he has always stated that his party '[stands] for equal rights and opportunities for all irrespective of colour, creed, caste, sect, gender, ethnicity or religion'.^[33] Hussain's party started out as a movement for the empowerment of muhajirs in Pakistan but later modified its underlying ideologies to reflect a more broader political scope by changing its name from 'Muhajir Qaumi Movement' to 'Muttahida Qaumi Movement'.

— Keynote Speech at conference in New Delhi on 6 November 2004.^[33][34]

In his keynote speech given at an international conference organised by the Hindustan Times Leadership Initiative, Hussain criticised the two-nation theory that forms the basis for the creation of Pakistan. He said that history has proven the two-nation theory irrelevant when modern-day Muslims are killing each other 'on the basic of tribal and linguistic affinity'.^[35] Hussain blamed the independence to have divided Muslims of South Asia, making them weaker as a result.^[36]

Altaf Hussain has asked Muhajirs in Pakistan to contact their relatives in India to inform them about what he called a 'devastating situation' in Pakistan.^[37]

Partition of India

On 17 September 2000, Hussain stated that the partition of India was the 'biggest blunder in history of mankind',^[38] and that by rejecting the 'grouping formulae and greater autonomy for Muslim-majority Indian provinces', Jawaharlal Nehru and Abul Kalam Azad forced Muhammad Ali Jinnah to demand a separate Pakistan, even when the founder of Pakistan was ready to accept a united India.

Hussain criticized the partition of India, stating that the partition of India 'was the division of blood, culture, brotherhood, relationships'.^[2] The politician stated that the idea of Pakistan was 'dead at its inception, when the majority of Muslims chose to stay back after partition.'^[3]

He stated that the two-nation theory was concocted by the British Empire in order to destroy Hindu-Muslim unity.^[4] Hussain further criticized the two-nation theory as being un-Islamic: 'When prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) started preaching Islam and people entered Islam, people used to live in tribes and each tribe had its own identity but they were all Muslims believing in the oneness of Allah, embraced Quran as the only divine book and hence they were never once nation.^[4]

Stranded Pakistanis

Altaf Hussain has advocated for the government of Pakistan to assist those stranded Pakistanis, who are mostly of the Bihari ethnic group, to be safely repatriated to Pakistan.^[3]

Taliban

Altaf Hussain is a critic of the Taliban.^[5] Hussain, in 2008, warned against the Talibanisation of Karachi and stated that a 'well planned conspiracy to intensify sectarian violence in the city, was being hatched.'^[5][39]

Operation Clean-up, ban and other charges

The Pakistani government launched Operation Clean-up in 1992 and sent the military into Karachi to crack down on the MQM. Hussain escaped Karachi one month before the operation began, following an attack on his life on 21 December 1991.^[40] Hussain fled to London and applied for political asylum.^[41]In the later months of 1995, the political killings of members from both parties sparked an outcry throughout the city. This involved the killing of the younger brother of PPP's Syed Abdullah Shah, the Chief Minister of Sindh^[42] which subsequently led to the killing of Altaf Hussain's 62-year-old brother Nasir Hussain and 27-year-old nephew Arif Hussain.^[43]From 1993 to 1996, the port city of Karachi had become a political battleground between prime minister Benazir Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party and the Mohajir Qaumi Movement.^[42] In the wake of the ensuing political unrest, the MQM had remained vocal about the arbitrary arrests and extrajudicial killings of its members.^[44]

In 2015, The Lahore High Court banned his media coverage, airing of his images and speeches was banned across all electronic and print media. Anti Terrorism Court of Pakistan declared him a fugitive on the charges of treason, inciting violence and hate speeches and sentenced him to 81 years in prison.^[6][7] In 2017, Anti Terrorism Court of Pakistan issued non-bailable arrest warrants for Hussain in the murder case of Dr.Imran Farooq who was a senior member of MQM.^[45] Pakistan asked Interpol to issue red warrant against Hussain but Interpol refused it by saying it does not 'intervene in political and religious matters of a state'.^[46]

It was reported that the Karachi police and the paramilitary Rangers force had arrested Nasir Hussain and his son from the Federal B area in Karachi on 4 and 6 December 1995 respectively.^[43] In a statement issued on 7 December 1995, MQM blamed the government and the law enforcement agencies for the unlawful arrests of Nasir and Arif from their residence in Samanabad.^[42] On 9 December 1995, the badly mutilated corpses of both Nasir and Arif were found in an isolated area in Gadap Town in Karachi,^[43] from where they were taken to a nearby Edhi centre.^[42]

Altaf Hussain and other leaders of the MQM were having cases against him which the party alleges were false politically motivated cases against MQM in the back drop of 1990s operation against them. But in November 2009 all the cases were dropped under National Reconciliation Ordinance,^[47]

On 20 June 2013 a Metropolitan Police started money laundering case against Altaf Hussain when it recovered some cash from his residence during search,^[48][49][50] On 3 June 2014 he attended police station for an interview. On 17 September 2016, Altaf Hussain's bail was cancelled for insufficient evidence.On 13 October 2016, Scotland Yard officially, dismissed the money laundering case eventually on the basis of lack of evidence ^[51][52]

Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf's chairman Imran Khan accused Altaf of inciting violence and soliciting murder in Karachi.^[53] In response numerous complaints were filed with London Metropolitan Police against Altaf for inciting violence.^[54]

Scotland Yard couldn't find any credible evidence in incitement of violence case and subsequently dropped the case.^[8]

On 21 August 2016, Hussain made controversial speech in Karachi Hunger strike camp which was a symbolic protest against alleged extra judicial killings perpetrated by Pakistani Paramilitary forces and selective targeting of MQM workers and office bearers in Karachi operation. Altaf Hussain accused state sponsored terrorism and harboring terrorist organisations such as TTP and other rogue banned organisations. He chanted 'Pakistan Murdabad' to condemn unlawful detention of MQM activists and extra judicial killings by the state agencies. He also deplored Pakistani media biased attitude in covering those law transgression by Law enforcement agencies

On 11 June 2019 Hussain was arrested by Scotland Yard because of promoting hateful and violence words against Pakistan.

Sattar, one of the senior members of the party, distanced himself from Hussain's statements following day and the London-based leadership and said they are not against Pakistan.^[55][56]

Private life

Altaf Hussain married Faiza Gabol in 2001 and divorced in 2007. He has daughter named Afza Altaf born in 2002^[57].^[58]

See also

Citations

1. ^'Phony Nobel Prize nominee linked to leader of Controversial Pakistan political group deported'. US Fed News Service – via HighBeam (subscription required). 20 November 2006. Archived from the original on 11 June 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2013.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
2. ^ ^abBaruah, Amit. 'Accept Line of Control temporarily: Altaf Hussain'. The Hindu. Retrieved 16 March 2019. 'The division of the sub-continent was the greatest blunder,' he thundered to cheers from the audience. 'It was the division of blood, culture, brotherhood, relationships,' he said, switching from English to Urdu.
3. ^ ^abcGhosh, Papiya (2014). Partition and the South Asian Diaspora: Extending the Subcontinent. Routledge. ISBN9781317809654.
4. ^ ^abc''Two-Nation Theory' a complete fraud: MQM leader Altaf Hussain'. Asian News International. 24 February 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2019. 'The said theory was invented by the British Empire to deceive and divide the people of the Indian Sub-Continent,' he added. He said this while addressing live to his millions of followers through social media. He categorically asserted that the division of the Indian sub-continent was a blunder. 'British Empire had occupied Indian sub-continent and Indians were slaves to the British rulers and hence they introduced that theory so as to keep the Muslims and Hindus divided so that the British could rule for a longer time. Unfortunately, Muslim and Hindu populations had accepted that fraudulent and mischievous notion of Two-Nation Theory,' he said. He further said that the said theory was to prevent any revolution against the tyrant occupation of the British Empire and also to fail the freedom movement for India.
5. ^ ^abcWalsh, Declan (30 April 2009). 'Spate of shootings kill 29 in Karachi'. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 23 June 2009. The MQM leader, Altaf Hussain, who lives in exile in London, has become a loud critic of the Taliban and warned of possible 'Talibanisation' in Karachi. This stance has won the MQM praise from secularists but aggravated relations with Karachi's Pashtun population, which considers the anti-Taliban campaign as an excuse to undermine them.
6. ^ ^ab'ATC declares Altaf Hussain a 'fugitive''. dailypakistan.com.pk. 1 August 2015.
7. ^ ^ab'Pakistan court sentences MQM chief Altaf Hussain to 81 years in jail'. deccanchronicle.com. 12 October 2015.
8. ^ ^ab'Scotland Yard drops probe in Altaf 'hate speech' charges'. www.geo.tv. 11 June 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
9. ^ ^abBhatt, Sheela (22 November 2004). ''India should trust Musharraf''. Rediff. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
10. ^Bhatt, Sheela (18 November 2004). ''We had two choices – mullahs or Musharraf''. Rediff. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
11. ^'Early life'. Struggle in life. altafhussain.org. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
12. ^ ^abhttps://www.dawn.com/news/1110320
13. ^'Quaid-e-Tehreek: Mr. Altaf Hussain's life & his achievements'. Muttahida Qaumi Movement Canada. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
14. ^ ^ab'About Mr. Altaf Hussain'. Muttahida Qaumi Movement Official Website. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
15. ^https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-23145377
16. ^ ^abc'Altaf Hussain'. Profiles. Maverick Pakistanis. June 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
17. ^'Altaf Hussain: Founder and leader of MQM'. Muttahida Qaumi Movement United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2014.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
18. ^ ^abcdShah, Sabir (4 June 2014). 'Altaf Hussain arrested for fourth time'. The News International. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
19. ^https://www.samaa.tv/news/politics/2018/07/pakistani-politicians-who-have-gone-to-jail/
20. ^Ghosh (2001)
21. ^ ^abKennedy (1991, p. 948)
22. ^'Hyderabad: politically alive'. The News International. 19 October 2008. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
23. ^ ^ab'Hyderabad: MQM's Pucca Qila'. Dawn. 21 December 2007. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
24. ^Syed (1988, p. 60)
25. ^Kennedy (1991, p. 949)
26. ^Wright (1991)
27. ^MQMOfficial (26 February 2012), Reaffirmation of former ISI Brigadier(R) Imtiaz Ahmed's of refusal by Mr. Altaf Hussain, retrieved 17 September 2016
28. ^Kennedy (1991, p. 950)
29. ^ ^abcKhan (2010, p. 42)
30. ^Kennedy (1991, p. 951)
31. ^Hassan (1990)
32. ^Hussain (2004): 'India and Pakistan being the two largest in the region, need to demonstrate magnanimity and the necessary political wisdom and desire to truly seek peace. The confidence building measures contemplated to bring the people of both countries closer must be implemented vigorously.'
33. ^ ^abcdHussain (2005)
34. ^Faruqui, Ahmad (19 March 2005). 'Jinnah's unfulfilled vision: The Idea of Pakistan by Stephen Cohen'. Asia Times. Pakistan. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
35. ^Hussain (2004): '[Modern events signify] a telling blow to the very idea of Pakistan, a homeland for the Muslims of the South Asia, and the two-nation theory, which continues to wreck untold miseries on the people of this region for the past five decades. Muslims are fighting and killing each other on the basis of tribal and linguistic affinity, sectarian strife is worse than ever before. Mosques and madarssas are but flourishing businesses. The less educated the Pesh Imam, the more popular and affluent he is likely to be.'
36. ^'A Muhajir's Prayer (Q & A with Altaf Hussain)'. Hindu Vivek Kendra. Retrieved 9 December 2010.^{[permanent dead link]}
37. ^'Altaf Hussain urges Indian citizens to help Mohajirs'. Asian News International. 13 February 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
38. ^Chitkara (2001, p. 88)
39. ^Ebrahim, Zofeen (14 May 2007). 'PAKISTAN: Karachi Allowed to Burn, Say Residents'. IPS. Archived from the original on 9 September 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2009.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
40. ^Altaf Hussain. pakistanherald.com
41. ^'MQM Altaf Hussain's Profile'. Elections.com.pk. Archived from the original on 22 November 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2010.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
42. ^ ^abcdMir, Amir (27 December 1995). 'Bloody Relations'. Outlook India. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
43. ^ ^abc'Human rights abuses by armed opposition groups'. Human rights crisis in Karachi. Amnesty International. 1 February 1996. Archived from the original on 5 December 2007. Retrieved 4 June 2014.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
44. ^'Arbitrary arrests'. Human rights crisis in Karachi. Amnesty International. 1 February 1996. Archived from the original on 5 December 2007. Retrieved 4 June 2014.Cite uses deprecated parameter deadurl= (help)
45. ^'ATC issues arrest warrants for Altaf Hussain in Dr Imran Farooq murder case'. dawn.com. 6 December 2017.
46. ^'Interpol refuses to issue red warrant against Altaf Hussain'. Dawn.com. 25 February 2017.
47. ^'3576 criminal cases against Altaf, others withdrawn'. Nation.com.pk. Archived from the original on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2013.Cite uses deprecated parameter dead-url= (help)
48. ^'Imran Farooq murder: London police raid house registered to Altaf Hussain'. The Express Tribune. 20 June 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
49. ^'Imran Farooq murder case : One of Altaf Hussain's houses searched for 55 hours'. Daily Times. 21 June 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
50. ^'MQM denies it incites violence in Pakistan from London'. BBC News. BBC. 11 July 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
51. ^Azfar-ul-Ashfaque (1 February 2016). 'London police removes Altaf Hussain's bail conditions over lack of evidence'. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
52. ^Dawn.com (13 October 2016). 'Scotland Yard drops money laundering investigation against Altaf Hussain'. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
53. ^'My life is in danger: Imran Khan'. Reddif News. 15 November 2007. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
54. ^Murtaza Ali Shah (14 June 2013). 'Galloway sets up fund for filing case against MQM chief'. The News. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
55. ^Harding, Luke; Ross, Alice (23 August 2016). 'Altaf Hussain: the man turning up heat on Karachi's streets from London suburb' – via The Guardian.
56. ^'Nadeem Nusrat says MQM is nothing without its 'chief''.
57. ^'Altaf Hussain'.
58. ^'I AM PROUD OF FAIZA GABOL REGARDLESS WHETHER SHE IS A PUNJABI, PAKHTOON, SINDHI OR A BALOCH – ALTAF HUSSAIN'.

References

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• Ghosh, Papiya (2001). 'The Changing Discourse of the Muhajirs'. India International Centre Quarterly. India International Centre. 28 (3): 57–68. JSTOR23005560.
• Haq, Farhat (November 1995). 'Rise of MQM in Pakistan: Politics of Ethnic Mobilization'. Asian Survey. University of California Press. 35 (11): 990–1004. doi:10.1525/as.1995.35.11.01p00677. JSTOR2645723.
• Hassan, Ali (June 1990). 'You Can't Shoot Me'. The Herald: 34–35.
• Hussain, Altaf (2004). 'Keynote Speech'. In Bhandare, Namita (ed.). India and the World: A Blueprint for Partnership and Growth. Hindustan Times Leadership Initiative. Lotus Collection, Roli Books. ISBN8174364013.
• Kennedy, Charles H. (October 1991). 'The Politics of Ethnicity in Sindh'(PDF). Asian Survey. University of California Press. 31 (10): 938–955. doi:10.2307/2645065. JSTOR2645065.
• Khan, Nicola (2010). Mohajir Militancy in Pakistan: Violence and transformation in the Karachi conflict. Routledge. ISBN0203858123.
• Syed, Anwar H. (Fall 1988). 'Political Parties and the Nationality Question in Pakistan'. Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies. 12 (1): 42–75.
• Wright, Theodore P. Jr. (April 1991). 'Center-Periphery Relations and Ethnic Conflict in Pakistan: Sindhis, Muhajirs, and Punjabis'. Comparative Politics. PhD Program in Political Science of the City University of New York. 23 (3): 299–312. doi:10.2307/422088. JSTOR422088.